导读：有关地震前的动物习性异常现象，我国至少在1000多年前就有明确的记载。约在公元650年，就有“鼠聚朝廷市衢中而鸣，地方屠裂”的记载(《开元占经地境》)。公元787年，陕西长安附近发生地震，史书上也曾记载：“震前，巢鸟惊散”。在《中国地震资料年表》一书中，有关地震生物反应的记载有126条，涉及24种动物。
The belief that animals can predict earthquakes has been around for centuries.
In 373 B.C., historians recorded that animals, including rats, snakes and weasels, deserted the Greek city of Helice in droves just days before a quake devastated the place.
Accounts of similar animal anticipation of earthquakes have surfaced across the centuries since. Catfish moving violently, chickens that stop laying eggs and bees leaving their hive in a panic have been reported. Countless pet owners claimed to have witnessed their cats and dogs acting strangely before the ground shook—barking or whining for no apparent reason, or showing signs of nervousness and restlessness.
But precisely what animals sense, if they feel anything at all, is a mystery. One theory is that wild and domestic creatures feel the Earth vibrate before humans. Other ideas suggest they detect electrical changes in the air or gas released from the Earth.
Earthquakes are a sudden phenomenon. Seismologists have no way of knowing exactly when or where the next one will hit. An estimated 500,000 detectable quakes occur in the world each year. Of those, 100,000 can be felt by humans, and 100 cause damage.
One of the world's most earthquake-prone countries is Japan, where devastation has taken countless lives and caused enormous damage to property. Researchers there have long studied animals in hopes of discovering what they hear or feel before the Earth shakes in order to use that sense as a prediction tool.
American seismologists, on the other hand, are skeptical. Even though there have been documented cases of strange animal behavior prior to earthquakes, the United States Geological Survey, a government agency that provides scientific information about the Earth, says a reproducible connection between a specific behavior and the occurrence of a quake has never been made.
"What we're faced with is a lot of anecdotes," said Andy Michael, a geophysicist at USGS. "Animals react to so many things—being hungry, defending their territories, mating, predators—so it's hard to have a controlled study to get that advanced warning signal."
In the 1970s, a few studies on animal prediction were done by the USGS "but nothing concrete came out of it," said Michael. Since that time the agency has made no further investigations into the theory.
Erratic Behavior in Dogs
Researchers around the world continue to pursue the idea, however. In September 2003 a medical doctor in Japan made headlines with a study that indicated erratic behavior in dogs, such as excessive barking or biting, could be used to forecast quakes.
There have also been examples where authorities have forecast successfully a major earthquake, based in part on the observation of the strange antics of animals. For example, in 1975 Chinese officials ordered the evacuation of Haicheng, a city with one million people, just days before a 7.3-magnitude quake. Only a small portion of the population was hurt or killed. If the city had not been evacuated, it is estimated that the number of fatalities and injuries could have exceeded 150,000.
中文相关背景：
有关地震前的动物习性异常现象，我国至少在1000多年前就有明确的记载。约在公元650年，就有“鼠聚朝廷市衢中而鸣，地方屠裂”的记载(《开元占经?地境》)。公元787年，陕西长安附近发生地震，史书上也曾记载：“震前，巢鸟惊散”。在《中国地震资料年表》一书中，有关地震生物反应的记载有126条，涉及24种动物。
我国对这些现象进行系统的科学考察和研究，开始于1966年邢台地震。40多年来，历经多次强烈地震的验证，地震前动物习性异常现象作为地震的一种短临前兆，已为国内外生物学和地震学界所公认和关注。
据介绍，1966年我国邢台地震后，中国科学院生物物理所等科研单位组织科研人员开始对动物习性异常与地震关系进行专一性研究。通过对多次强烈地震的科学考察和监测，在动物习性异常与地震关系的统计特征和短临预报中的意义，及其机理研究方面积累了许多具有重要参考价值的资料。
专家告诉记者，需要明确的是：这一研究并不是期望用鸡窝里的鸡来预报地震，而是通过研究了解动物到底在地震前是哪一个感觉渠道接收到了什么样的物理或化学信号，摸索出预报地震的科学线索。
动物习性异常呈短临特征
大量的震例资料表明，在大多数强烈地震前，动物习性异常的前兆时间，主要集中在震前一天之内，短至几分钟，长至数天和数十天，呈明显的短临特征。
从我国调查资料比较完整的震例来看，7级左右的强烈地震，动物习性异常出现的地区范围可达一二百公里，甚至远达数百公里。但是在这广阔的分布地区内，异常点的分布是不均的，一般较多地集中分布在沿地震的发震构造和活动断裂的条带区以及震中区或高烈度区。
调查资料表明，随着地震震级增大，震前出现习性异常的动物种类和数量、异常的分布地区以及异常活动反应的强烈程度等，有相应增加的趋势。可见，动物的习性异常反应强度与地震的震级有一定的关系。
雉除繁殖期求偶外，很少鸣叫，但在地震前却有乱叫现象。如1857年2月4日浙江鄞县地震，史料曾记载震前“山雉皆鸣”。在日本有一种说法：“野鸡乱叫，地震要到”。
震前反应
地震前，动物到底会有怎样的“特别行动”？大量的震例资料和观测结果表明，地震前动物的习性异常主要表现为兴奋性行为活动，即大多数为在正常活动状态下出现的惊恐不安、逃离、迁移等反常的习性活动，少数表现为抑制性行为活动，即在活动状态下出现发呆、忧郁、不进食等反常活动。
鱼类：翻腾跳跃，漂浮打旋
鱼类是地震前动物习性异常现象中较为多见的动物，其震前习性异常的行为特征主要表现为迁移、翻腾、跳跃、漂浮、翻肚、打旋、昏迷不动等。1854年日本中部太平洋海岸外的8.4级地震前，距震中100公里的伊豆半岛西海岸，发现许多鱼死在海边，这些鱼往往生活在大海深处。
两栖类：行为呆滞，蛙蛇出洞
两栖类(蛙等)和爬行类(蛇等)动物震前习性异常的行为特征主要表现为不合时令地出现呆滞等反常活动。1975年海城地震前，冬眠动物(蛙、蛇等)发生出洞事件，尤其是冬眠蛇的出洞，是人们公认的震兆现象。该现象在1978年11月2日前苏联中亚6.8级地震前得到进一步证实。
鸟类：惊飞惊叫，迁飞拒食
家禽、鸽，雉、乌鸦、喜鹊等野生鸟类及虎皮鹦鹉、孔雀、金鸡等观赏鸟类，震前习性异常的行为特征主要表现为惊飞惊叫、不进窝不吃食、迁飞等。雉除繁殖期求偶外，很少鸣叫，但在地震前却有乱叫现象。我国很早就有这方面的记载。如1857年2月4日浙江鄞县地震，史料曾记载震前“山雉皆鸣”。在日本有一种说法：“野鸡乱叫，地震要到”。
哺乳动物：嘶叫奔跑，惊恐不安
狗、猫、鼠、家畜及其它哺乳动物地震前习性异常的行为特征，主要表现为惊恐不安、嘶叫奔跑、集群迁移等，少数表现为忧郁和呆滞等行为反应。1739年，宁夏银川平罗8级大地震后，连年地震。据《银川小志》(1755年即清乾隆二十年)记载：“宁夏地震，每岁小动，民习为常。大约春冬二季居多，如井水忽浑浊，炮声散长，群犬围吠，即防此患。”1972年尼加拉瓜的马那爪6.2级地震前几小时，市内某孤儿院饲养的猴子大肆骚乱。院长见此情景可疑，迅速将孤儿带到屋外。不久，地震发生了，孤儿们幸免遇难。
动物机体实际上是一架复杂而敏感的环境变化的感知系统，如同一架“活”的地震前兆监测系统，可以把有关的地震前兆信号进行有效地提取和放大。
